AnimAlt-ZEBET

Within-Page Navigation

Accesskeys

end of section: to within-page navigation

Global Servicelinks

end of section: to within-page navigation

Navigation

end of section: to within-page navigation

content

print version (opens new window)print version (opens new window)
Your position:  Homepage » Database Search » Databases A-Z

AnimAlt-ZEBET (ZT00)

AnimAlt-ZEBET, the database of the Zentralstelle zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Ersatz- und Ergänzungsmethoden zum Tierversuch, is a full-text database of evaluated alternative methods to animal experiments in biomedicine and related fields. All documents are evaluated from the '3-Rs' concept of Russel and Burch (1959), Replacement-Reduction-Refinement.

Sources are approx. 800 different books, journals, and monographs, laws, regulations, directions, guidelines, recommendations, pharmacopoea, dissertations, congress papers, proceedings of meetings, conferences, and symposia. For each alternative method is set up a document. The method number, method title, keywords, evaluation, abstract and bibliographic references are searchable.

 

 

Database Content

Subject Coverage

Biomedicine and related fields

pharmacology, pharmacy, toxicology, bacteriology, virology, parasitology, food hygiene, immunology, neurology, cancer research, animal production

TypeFull text database
LanguageEnglish
Sources
  • approx. 800 different books, journals, monographs
  • laws, regulations, directions, guidelines, recommendations
  • pharmacopoea
  • dissertations
  • congress papers, proceedings of meetings, conferences, and symposia
Superbases

There are predefined databases groups (superbase) for several subjects.

The database AnimAlt-ZEBET is part of the following superbases:
XMEDALL, XPHARMALL, XTOXLITALL, XVET.

Database Resources

File Size146 (Status 06/2012)
File Data

You will find the number of database records in the current update status.

Update CycleIrregular

Query

Special Notes

The database AnimAlt -ZEBET offers evaluated information about alternative methods and their practical use. For additional information about the evaluation criteria and other information regarding alternative methods please visit the BfR-homepage of the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment.  

Continuing literature:

  • Grune B., Dörendahl A., Skolik S., Spielmann H.: The ZEBET database and information service. ALTEX 16, 3, 1999, 186-189.
  • Grune-Wolff B., Dörendahl A., Skolik S., Spielmann H.: The ZEBET Databank and Information Service on alternative methods to animal experiments. In: L.F.M. van Zutphen and M. Balls (Eds.): Animal Alternatives, Welfare and Ethics. p. 505 - 509, 1997, Elsevier BV.

A document may consist of one or more pages. The datafield RN (Number of References) shows the total number of literature references. To review the entire contents of a particular method use command SHOW F=ALL. Use SHOW F=REF to review only the literature references.

The field group RF consists of the following fields: RA (Author), RTI (Title), RJ (Journal), RV (Volume), PAGE (Referenced Pages), RY (Publication Year). The RF data fields can be marked and used for additional searches in literature databases. If the reference is not a journal, than the bibliographic notes are in searchable RTI field.

With every update the whole file is reloaded. Therefore standing orders (SDI) are not possible.

Vocabulary

Section Heading (SH)
Language: English

Uncontrolled Term (UT)
Language: English

Searchable Data Fields

The following document sections are considered with the free text search (FT):

Title (TI)
Uncontrolled Term (UT)
Evaluation (EV)
Status (STA)
Regulation (VOR)
Abstract (AB)
Notes (NOTE)
Referenced Title (RTI)
Section Heading (SH)

Search language(s) in the basic index: English

Data Fields, alphabetical

Explanation:

D = DISPLAY F = FIND S = SHOW
1 : front-end-masking recommended
2 : searchable word by word with field label
3 : searchable only selectively
(F): field is searchable only via basic index

Command Field Name Examples Notes
(F) S AB Abstract F acute oral toxicity/AB Description of the method including background and principle.
D F S EV Evaluation F EV=reduction
F reduction/EV
D EV=?		 Assessment of the method as an alternative method; following criteria are possible: Replacement, Reduction, Refinement.
D F LA Language F ... AND LA=engl All documents are in English.
D F S LR Last Revision Date F LR=?2000 Document completion date (day-month-year). Contains PY.
D F S MNR Number of Method F MNR=186 Method identification number, assigned by ZEBET.
D F S ND Number of Document F ND=zebet186 Number of Document, assigned by ZEBET.
(F) S NOTE Notes F LD50/NOTE Remarks, e.g. regarding related methods.
S PAGE Pagination PAGE: 751-762 Page(s), part of RF.
D F PPS PreProcessed Searches D PPS=? Shows all subjects for whose precasted search profiles are available (see appendix).
    F ... AND PPS=human Searches all documents relating (also) to humans.
D F S PY Publication Year F ... AND PY>=2000 Part of datafield LR.
D F S RA Referenced Author F RA= diener w Author(s). Masking with ? is recommended, if the first names are unkown. Part of RF.
D 1 F 1 S RF References F RF=?oecd guideline? Group field of referenced literature, contains RA, RTI, RJ, RV, PAGE and RY. References are searchable as a bound phrase only.

D F 1 S

 RJ Referenced Journal F RJ=archives of toxicology? Journal, part of RF.
S RN Number of References RN : 34 Number of bibliographic references.
(F) S RTI Referenced Title F acute toxic class method/RTI Title, and other bibliographic information. Part of RF.
D F S RV Referenced Volume F RV=72"(12)" Volume, part of RF.
D F S RY Referenced Year F RY=1998 Publication year, part of RF.
D F S SH Section Heading F SH=toxicology
F pharma?/SH		  
D F S STA Status F STA=regulatory acceptance
F regulatory acceptance/STA
D STA=?		 Assessment of the developmental stages of the method;
following criteria are possible: Development, Validation,
Scientific Acceptance Regulatory Acceptance.
(F) S TI Title F acute toxic class method/TI Method title.
D F S UT Uncontrolled Term F UT=rats
F chemicals/UT		 Keywords related to the method as an alternative method including the fields of use and their areas of application.
D F S VOR Regulation F VOR=oecd
F oecd/VOR		 Assessment of method application acceptance:
Legal quotations, guidelines and/or recommendations,
if not; then the following criteria are possible:
  • Not Used For Regulatory Purposes
  • Scientific Acceptance Pending
  • Regulatory Acceptance Pending.
Output of Search Results

By means of the commands SHOW (S) / MAIL / SDI.

Corresponding to the copyright rules use the parameter USE=DLOAD if necessary. You may ask for all data fields, single data fields, or sets of data fields. If the output fields are not specified explicitly, the standard field set (F=STD) is used in all output commands.

Output field sets:

Command Field Set Associated Datafields
F=STD Standard same as ALL without RF
F=DES Descriptors MNR, SH, UT
F=ALL All fields ND, MNR, LR, SH, TI, LA, UT, EV, STA, VOR, AB, NOTE, RN, RF (incl. RA, RTI, RJ, RV, PAGE, RY)
F=REF References RN, RA, RTI, RJ, RV, PAGE, RY
Sample Search(es)

Free text-pattern is useful. Search terms should only be in English. Front- and end- masking is often recommended.
The DISPLAY-command shows a list of search terms, for example: DISPLAY COMPUTER?

Subject: Computer models in toxicology.

Profile table:

Parameter Counter Number of Hits Query
C= 1 115 ZT00
S= 2 1 COMPUTER MODEL? AND TOXICOL?

Subject: Accepted methods, which replace animal experiments.

Profile table:

Parameter Counter Number of Hits Query
C= 1 115 ZT00
S= 2 63 STA= ?ACCEPTANCE
  3 39 2 AND REPLACE?

Subject: Alternative methods recommended for the potency testing of vaccines.

Profile table:

Parameter Counter Number of Hits Query
C= 1 115 ZT00
S= 2 18 VACCIN? AND POTENCY

Subject: Alternative methods, which replace the Draize rabbit eye test.

Profile table:

Parameter Counter Number of Hits Query
C= 1 115 ZT00
S= 2 20 DRAIZE AND REPLACE?

Subject: Alternative methods in the field of toxicology; documents with the specific topic "eye irritation".

Profil table:

Parameter Counter Number of Hits Query
C= 1 115 ZT00
S= 2 59 SH=TOXICOLOGY
  3 19 2 AND EYE IRRITATION
Sample Record(s)

2/1 of 1    DIMDI: AnimAlt-ZEBET (ZT00) © BfR (ZEBET) 2009 - Document

ND: ZEBET186
MNR: 186
LR: 22.09.2002
SH: Toxicology
TI: Acute Toxic Class Method for testing the acute oral toxicity of chemicals as a replacement of the classical LD50 test
LA: english
UT: animal welfare; animal experiments; animal testing alternatives; reduction; number of animals; refinement; pain; distress; rats; mice; rodents; toxicology; chemicals; hazardous chemicals; hazardous substances; hazard assessment; hazard classification; classification; toxicity classes; toxicity, single dose; effects, systemic; toxicity, acute, oral; toxicity, acute; toxicity, oral; lethal dose 50; LD50; LD50 test; acute toxic class method; ATC method; stepwise procedure
EV: Reduction; Refinement
STA: Regulatory Acceptance
VOR: OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals 423, adopted 17.12.2001;
Commission Directive 2001/59/EC of 6 August 2001 adapting to technical progress for the twenty-eighth time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling of dangerous substances.
Official Journal of the European Communities L 255, 1-333 2001;
Commission Directive 96/54/EC of 30 July 1996 adapting to technical progress for the twenty-second time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances.
Official Journal of the European Communities L 248 Vol. 39, 195-205, 1996
AB: Background
In the assessment and evaluation of the toxic properties of a chemical substance, determination of acute oral toxicity is usually one of the initial steps. Acute oral toxicity is the adverse effect occurring within a short time of oral administration of a single dose of a substance or multiple doses thereof. Data from an acute study may provide essential information on the mode of thetoxic effects of a substance and thus serve as basis for hazard classification and labeling as well as for establishing a dosage regimen in subchronic and other studies. The LD50 test is the traditional method for assessing acute oral toxicity which has been adopted by the OECD as guideline 401 in 1987. The oral LD50 (median lethal dose) is the statistically derived single dose of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50 per cent of the treated animals in a given period when administered by the oral route. The LD50 value is expressed in terms of dose of test substance per unit body weight of the test animal (mg/kg). The test substance is administered orally by gavage in graduated doses to several groups of experimental animals, one dose being used per group. Although OECD guideline 401 has been directed primarily to studies in species of rodents it may also be adapted for studies in non-rodents. Several mammalian species qualify to be used in the test, but the rat is the preferred species. Between 20 and 30 animals of equal sex are used per LD50 test, i.e. at least 5 animals at each dose level. Toxicological endpoint is the death of a proportion of the animals. Recently, the OECD has announced that guideline 401 will cease to be in force after December 17, 2002; it has been substituted by guidelines 425, 420 and 423 (adopted after revision in 2001; see method no. 144, up-and-down procedure, method no. 185, fixed dose procedure, and the acute toxic class method described below, respectively), all of which require fewer animals for testing.
Method
As an alternative to the traditional LD50 test stipulated in OECD guideline 401, the acute toxic class method (ATC method) is a stepwise protocol for testing the acute oral toxicity of chemical substances (Roll et al., 1986, 1989). It has been designed to use groups of three animals of one sex per step and one of four fixed doses (or cut-off values) of test substance, i.e. 5, 50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight (as set down in OECD guideline 423, revised in 2001; an additional dose level of 5000 mg/kg is optional, but should only be administered if justified by a specific regulatory need). The test substance is administered orally by gavage in a single dose. The starting dose should be at a level, at which mortality is likely to occur in some of the treated animals. If no previous information on the test substance is available, the starting dose is usually 300 mg/kg body weight. The procedure depends on how many animals die in the first (or any preceding) dosing step: after the results from the first or previous dosing step have been obtained, in the next step either the same dose again is administered to another group of animals to confirm the result, or, as appropriate, the next higher dose or the next lower dose is administered to another group of three animals. Thus, if two to three animals die in a group receiving 300 mg/kg body weight, testing is continued at the next lower dose level, i.e. 50 mg/kg; if, however, no animal or only one animal dies the same dose is applied to the next group of animals for confirmation. Usually two to four steps are required to obtain an estimate ofthe acute toxicity of the substance tested. The interval between treatments depends on the time course and severity of intoxication: the next group of animals should only be dosed after the outcome of the previous step has been ascertained. Results are evaluated statistically by probit analysis (Diener et al., 1994, 1995; Diener and Schlede, 1999). The method yields a substance-specific lethal concentration range rat her than a numerical value for the LD50. If desired, a more differentiated classification can be achieved by additional testing at other cut-off values. Treated animals will be observed for clinical signs over a period of 14 days; thereafter, surviving animals will be humanely killed and all test animals undergo gross necropsy. The ATC method has been assessed extensively in a national validation study sponsored by the German government (Schlede et al., 1992) as well as in an international validation study under the patronage of the OECD, also sponsored by the German government (Schlede et al., 1995). Both studies proved that the ATC method provides adequate information both for hazard assessment and hazard classification purposes (e.g. Diener et al., 1995).
Conclusive Review
For testing the acute oral toxicity of chemical substances, the acute toxic class method (ATC method) offers substantial reduction in the number of animals used compared with the traditional LD50 test. Usually 7 animals suffice to determine the LD50 range, thus the number of animals used is reduced by an average of 70%. There are also substantially less moribund and/or dead animals (Spielmann and Liebsch, 1993 a, b; Mischke et al. , 1994). At the same time, the ATC method provides adequate information to permit ranking of the test substances according to the Globally Harmonized System for the classification of chemicals which cause acute toxicity. With respect to the global agreement on cut-off values in 1998 (5, 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg body weight, with the option of using 5000 mg/kg body weight if justified by a specific regulatory need), it should be noted that the new classification requirements can be included into the existing test procedures of the ATC method withoutthe use of further animal studies (see Globally Harmonized System, GHS, for the classification of chemicals which cause acute toxicity, OECD, 2001; for alignment of the EU classification until full implementation of the GHS, refer to OECD guidance document on oral toxicity testing, 2000). In addition, the ATC method provides information required for risk assessment , e.g. nature, time of onset and duration of the signs of toxicity as well as the outcome of intoxication. Furthermore, gross necropsy allows the assessment of pathological changes of the visceral organs. The ATC method has been officially accepted for regulatory purposes by the OECD as Guideline 423 (2001) and by the European Union (Commission Directives, 1996, 2001). As of 17 December 2002, OECD Guidelines 420, 423 and 425 will have substituted the LD50 test (OECD Guideline 401) for testing of acute oral toxicity. Guidance on the selection of the most appropriate test method for a given purpose can be found in the guidance document on oral toxicity testing (OECD, 2000), which also contains additional information on the conduct and interpretation of Guideline 423. In addition, all three guidelines contain a requirementto follow the OECD guidance document on humane endpoints (2000) which should reduce the overall suffering of animals used in this type of toxicity test (see also Schlede et al., 2000).
NOTE: The ATC method has also been adapted to the assessment of substances in relation to inhalation toxicity and dermal toxicity (Diener et al., 1998). Other alternatives to the conventional LD50 test arethe up-and-down procedure (method no. 144) and the fixed dose procedure (method no. 185). The up-and-down procedure has been accepted by the OECD and the U.S. American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM, the fixed dose procedure has been accepted by the OECD and the European Union. Both methods are designed as stepwise procedures for the assessment of acute oral toxicity of chemical substances. The fixed dose procedure avoids death of animals as endpoint and relies on the observation of clear signs of toxicity (evident toxicity).
RN: 33
RF: -: Commission Directive 2001/59/EC of 6 August 2001 adapting to technical progress for the 28th time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. Official journal of the European Communities L 225; 1-172 (2001)
RF: -: Commission Directive 96/54/EC of 30 July 1996 adapting to technical progress for the twenty-second time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. Official journal of the European Communities L 248(39); 195-205 (1996)
RF: American Society for Testing and Materials (Ed.): Standard test method for estimating acute oral toxicity in rats. In: Annual book of ASTM standards, (revised 1990). ; E1163-1187 (1987)
RF: Balls M: Why modification of the LD50 test will not be enough. Laboratory animals 25; 198-206 (1991)
RF: Diener W, Kayser D, Schlede E: The dermal acute toxic class method: test procedures and biometric evaluations. Archives of toxicology 72(12); 751-762 (1998)
.....  

*** End of SHOW ***

The sample record is reduced in its length.

Output format: SHOW F=ALL

Contact

Producer
  • Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR) - ZEBET

    Zentralstelle zur Erfassung und Bewertung von
    Ersatz- und Ergänzungsmethoden zum Tierversuch
    Diedersdorfer Weg 1
    12277 Berlin
    Germany
    Phone: +49 30 8412-2273
    Fax: +49 30 8412-4741

Contact Person

Appendix

Appendix

List of the PreProcessed Searches

For the following subjects preprocessed searches are available:

AIDS
ANIMAL
CANCER
HUMAN
TOXICOLOGY

- Copyright: DIMDI -

All intellectual property rights of this document, also concerning reproduction and distribution, are reserved by DIMDI.
 
to top of the page to top of the page
Your position:  Homepage » Database Search » Databases A-Z
© DIMDI 1995-2013     last modified: 6/29/12 cinste

Within-Page Navigation

end of section: to within-page navigation